| Livestock Research for Rural Development 30 (2) 2018 | Guide for preparation of papers | LRRD Newsletter | Citation of this paper |
The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of nutrient matrix values application for three NSP-enzymes on the performance, meat yield, water intake, litter moisture and jejunal digesta viscosity of chicks fed wheat/barley based diet. A total of 208-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to 4 treatment groups, with 4 replicates per treatment group and 13 birds per replicate pen.. In entire period, supplementing basal diet with enzymes B and C significantly feed intake (FI) of broilers (P<0.05). Overall, from 0 to 42 days, enzyme significantly improved (P<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Enzyme has no effect on carcass yield and the relative weight of the thigh, liver, and gizzard as proportion of live weight (P>0.05) but only enzyme C lowered the relative weight of the breast as proportion of live weight (P< 0.05). The relative weight of the abdominal fat was significantly increased when enzymes A and C added to diet (P<0.05). However, only weight and length of jejunum at day 42 and Viscosity of jejunal content at Day 23 was decreased with enzyme (P<0.05), whereas pH jejunal digesta was not changed (P>0.05). The addition of enzyme B and C lowered water to feed ratio at day 5 and 15 while litter moisture reduced with all enzymes. The present results showed that use of nutrient matrix value for all used enzymes improved FCR and body weight of birds and can be used in formulating diets commercial broiler diets based on wheat/ barley.
Keywords: β-glucanase, xylanase, average daily gain, carcass yield, jejunum
Although diets fed to broiler chickens are generally based on corn (Wang et al 2005), barley and wheat are important ingredients in broiler diets since these cereals are also rich in starch. Anti-nutritional compounds that have known as non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) are the most prominent agent that has confined use of wheat and barley at high dietary concentrations in poultry diets. The presence of β-glucans and pantosans via providing viscose condition (Ravindran et al 2007) and beheading enzyme-substrate reaction within the intestinal lumen (Sieo et al 2005) defect digestion, absorption of nutrients in poultry (Alam et al 2003). As a result, feed consumption and growth of bird would be impaired (Mathlouthi et al 2002; Salarmoini et al 2008). In addition to direct effects of NSPs in nutrients bioavailability, there appear to be secondary adverse effects of soluble-NSP on water intake and litter condition of poultry.
The use of exogenous enzymes in poultry nutrition is a common practice when corn price is high and the other hand the use of alternative cereals are economical. NSP-degrading enzyme can hydrolysis polysaccharide structure of the cell wall components and cause an increase in energy, amino acid (AA) digestibility in diets for poultry (Onderci et al 2008; Rodríguez et al 2012). Furthermore, this condition led to lower viscosity of digesta and brings drier droppings and litter (Cengiz et al 2012). The advantages of adding exogenous enzyme over on top of diet without application of matrix values for the enzyme to broiler diets are well documented by many researchers (lesson et al 2000; Shakouri et al 2009; Shirzadi et al 2010; Kiarie et al 2013). In this form, enzyme will be supplemented to poultry feed after formulation of diet. It is notable that addition of enzyme in this approach will have extra cost for producers. Nevertheless, to fully recognize the economic potential of enzyme, the amount of ME and amino acid released by enzyme needs to be evaluated. The nutrient matrix values for enzyme indicate the amount of nutrient that could be released when the enzyme is added to diet. Documentation of such information has the potential to help the producers to add less protein and metabolizable energy (ME) in diet for poultry, to reduce the cost of required feed. There are varieties of multi-enzymes available, and producers are presented with a challenge to choose of the suitable enzyme for improvement of their flock performance. Therefore, the purpose of this trial was to evaluate the nutrient matrix values for three NSP-enzymes on broilers performance that fed wheat/barley-based diets. Also, to compare these matrix values at similar energy and protein level of diet in same nutritional management.
A total of 208 day-old male broiler chicks of commercial strain (Ross 308) were used in 4 treatments by 4 replicate growth study, with 13 chicks assigned to each replicate pen in floor pen. The average initial body weight of chicks in each pen was 42 gr. Environment temperature was kept at 34°C during the first 3 days of the trial and then reduced gradually according to age until reaching 22°C at 21 d. During of the period birds were exposed to continuous lighting.
Once birds were randomly distributed among pens, each 4 pen assigned to one of the four formulated treatments to meet or exceed all nutrient recommendations published in the Ross rear guideline. The four dietary treatments in starter and grower period consisted of 60 percent wheat/barley supplemented without enzyme (control diet) and with enzyme including: A [Grind enzyme], B [Rovabio] and C [Safizyme]. Nonetheless, in finisher period, amounts of wheat and barley were increased in diets. The ingredient calculated nutrient contents of the experimental diets at starter, grower and finisher periods are shown in Table 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Mash feed and water were available for ad libitum consumption. Before formulating, all of the major dietary ingredients were analyzed for AMEn,, amino acid (AA) profiles (according to prediction formula existing in NRC), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE) and macro mineral contents as described by AOAC. Starch of barley was determined by an enzymatic method (Conan and Carre 1989). The content of NSP of wheat and barley (Table 4) was measured using the method described by Englyst and Cumming. (1988).
|
Table 1. Ingredient and calculated nutrient contents (%) of the experimental diets given to broiler chickens at starter period |
||||
|
Ingredients |
Starter (0 to 10d) |
|||
|
Control |
Enzyme A |
Enzyme B |
Enzyme C |
|
|
Barley |
30.0 |
30.0 |
30.0 |
30.0 |
|
Wheat |
30.0 |
30.0 |
30.0 |
30.0 |
|
Soybean meal |
25.0 |
30.5 |
31.1 |
28.2 |
|
Gluten meal |
7.00 |
2.41 |
2.91 |
5.07 |
|
Soya oil |
3.23 |
2.54 |
1.44 |
2.41 |
|
L-lysine-HCL |
0.65 |
0.49 |
0.48 |
0.54 |
|
DL-methionine |
0.32 |
0.37 |
0.36 |
0.05 |
|
Dicalcium phosphate |
1.58 |
1.46 |
1.45 |
1.47 |
|
Limestone |
1.41 |
1.39 |
1.39 |
1.40 |
|
Sodium chloride |
0.31 |
0.31 |
0.31 |
0.31 |
|
Vitamin premix1 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
|
Mineral premix2 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
|
Calculated nutrient contents |
||||
|
AME, kcal /kg |
2860 |
|||
|
Crude protein, % |
21.4 |
|||
|
Lysine, % |
1.36 |
|||
|
Methionine+cyctine, % |
1.04 |
|||
|
Crude fiber, % |
3.73 |
|||
|
Calcium, % |
0.95 |
|||
|
Available phosphorus, % |
0.58 |
|||
|
Sodium, % |
0.15 |
|||
|
1 Provided the following (per kg of diet): vitamin A
(transretinyl acetate), 9,000 IU; vitamin D3
(cholecalciferol), 2,000 IU; vitamin E (allrac-
tocopherol acetate), 18 IU; vitamin K (bisulfate
menadione complex), 2 mg; riboflavin, 6.6 mg;
pantothenic acid (D-calcium pantothenate), 10 mg;
pyridoxine (pyridoxine HCl), 3 mg; folic acid, 1 mg;
thiamin (thiamin mononitrate), 1.8 mg; vitamin B12
(cyanocobalamin), 15 μg; D-biotin, 0.1 mg; niacin, 30
mg; choline (choline chloride), 500 mg and ethoxyquin,
0.1 mg. |
||||
|
Table 2. Ingredient and calculated nutrient contents (%) of the experimental diets given to broiler chickens at grower period |
||||
|
Ingredients |
Grower (11 to 28d) |
|||
|
Wheat/Barley |
Enzyme A |
Enzyme B |
Enzyme C |
|
|
Barley |
30.0 |
30.0 |
30.0 |
30.0 |
|
Wheat |
30.0 |
30.0 |
30.0 |
30.0 |
|
Soybean meal |
27.1 |
28.0 |
33.4 |
30.8 |
|
Gluten meal |
5.20 |
4.40 |
1.00 |
2.80 |
|
Soya oil |
4.28 |
4.06 |
2.10 |
3.11 |
|
L-lysine-HCL |
0.10 |
0.11 |
0.14 |
0.02 |
|
DL-methionine |
0.07 |
0.08 |
0.11 |
0.08 |
|
Dicalcium phosphate |
1.13 |
1.20 |
1.10 |
1.11 |
|
Limestone |
1.29 |
1.28 |
1.26 |
1.22 |
|
Sodium chloride |
0.31 |
0.31 |
0.31 |
0.31 |
|
Vitamin premix1 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
|
Mineral premix2 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
|
Calculated nutrient contents |
||||
|
AME, kcal /kg |
2900 |
|||
|
Crude protein, % |
21.2 |
|||
|
Lysine, % |
1.01 |
|||
|
Methionine+cyctine, % |
0.77 |
|||
|
Crude fiber, % |
3.63 |
|||
|
Calcium, % |
0.83 |
|||
|
Available phosphorus, % |
0.41 |
|||
|
Sodium, % |
0.15 |
|||
|
1
Provided the following (per kg of diet): vitamin A
(transretinyl acetate), 9,000 IU; vitamin D3
(cholecalciferol), 2,000 IU; vitamin E (allrac-
tocopherol acetate), 18 IU; vitamin K (bisulfate
menadione complex), 2 mg; riboflavin, 6.6 mg;
pantothenic acid (D-calcium pantothenate), 10 mg;
pyridoxine (pyridoxine HCl), 3 mg; folic acid, 1 mg;
thiamin (thiamin mononitrate), 1.8 mg; vitamin B12
(cyanocobalamin), 15 μg; D-biotin, 0.1 mg; niacin, 30
mg; choline (choline chloride), 500 mg and ethoxyquin,
0.1 mg. |
||||
|
Table 3. Ingredient and calculated nutrient contents (%) of the experimental diets given to broiler chickens at finisher period. |
||||
|
Ingredients |
Finisher (29 to 42d) |
|||
|
Wheat/Barley |
Enzyme A |
Enzyme B |
Enzyme C |
|
|
Barley |
33.7 |
33.0 |
34.0 |
34.0 |
|
Wheat |
33.0 |
34.0 |
34.8 |
34.4 |
|
Soybean meal |
19.0 |
18.0 |
21.0 |
20.0 |
|
Gluten meal |
6.57 |
6.38 |
4.16 |
4.10 |
|
Soya oil |
4.17 |
5.01 |
2.36 |
3.70 |
|
L-lysine-HCL |
0.28 |
0.28 |
0.20 |
0.21 |
|
DL-methionine |
0.16 |
0.17 |
0.18 |
0.16 |
|
Dicalcium phosphate |
1.04 |
1.05 |
1.33 |
1.23 |
|
Limestone |
1.31 |
1.30 |
1.10 |
1.31 |
|
Sodium chloride |
0.32 |
0.32 |
0.30 |
0.32 |
|
Vitamin premix1 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
|
Mineral premix2 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
|
Calculated nutrient contents |
||||
|
AME, kcal /kg |
3020 |
|||
|
Crude protein, % |
19 |
|||
|
Lysine, % |
1.02 |
|||
|
Methionine+cyctine, % |
0.82 |
|||
|
Crude fiber, % |
3.53 |
|||
|
Calcium, % |
0.81 |
|||
|
Available phosphorus, % |
0.40 |
|||
|
Sodium, % |
0.15 |
|||
|
1
Provided the following (per kg of diet): vitamin A
(transretinyl acetate), 9,000 IU; vitamin D3
(cholecalciferol), 2,000 IU; vitamin E (allrac-
tocopherol acetate), 18 IU; vitamin K (bisulfate
menadione complex), 2 mg; riboflavin, 6.6 mg;
pantothenic acid (D-calcium pantothenate), 10 mg;
pyridoxine (pyridoxine HCl), 3 mg; folic acid, 1 mg;
thiamin (thiamin mononitrate), 1.8 mg; vitamin B12
(cyanocobalamin), 15 μg; D-biotin, 0.1 mg; niacin, 30
mg; choline (choline chloride), 500 mg and ethoxyquin,
0.1 mg. |
||||
|
Table 4. Total NSP composition of cereals used in diets1. |
||
|
Item % |
Barley |
Wheat |
|
Total NSP |
18.9 |
13.8 |
|
Insoluble NSP |
13.6 |
10.5 |
|
Soluble NSP |
5.33 |
3.36 |
|
1 g/100 g of dry matter. |
||
Nutrient matrix values includes the amount of Metablizable energy, protein and AA that are anticipated to be released based on manufacturer recommendation were considered in order to add enzymes (Table 5). Then, these amounts of nutrients were subtracted from formulated diet's nutrients. Subsequently, enzyme added to diets. All of multi-enzymes contained mainly β-glucanase and xylanase activities and added to diet in powder form. These enzymes contained β-glucanase and xylanase activities mainly. Enzyme A consisted of endo-1,4-b-glucanase: 1500 BGU/kg diet; endo-1,4-b-xylanase 3600 FXU/kg, enzyme B consisted of β-glucanases 1420 units/kg diet and xylanases 660 units/kg diet and Enzyme C consisted of endo-1,3(4)-b-glucanase: 100 AGL/kg diet; endo-1,4-b- xylanase: 70 AXC units/kg diet.
|
Table 5. Nutrient matrix values of enzymes for broilers. |
||||||
|
Nutrients |
Enzyme A1 |
Enzyme B1 |
Enzyme C1 |
|||
|
Amount provided |
Value |
Amount provided |
Value |
Amount provided |
Value |
|
|
ME, kcal/kg |
112 |
2,250,000 |
208 |
347,240 |
14.4 |
84,954 |
|
Crude protein, % |
0.0402 |
80.4 |
0.0066 |
11.0 |
0.0589 |
347 |
|
Threonine, % |
0.00349 |
6.99 |
0.00110 |
6.42 |
0.0012 |
7.00 |
|
Lysine, % |
0.0150 |
30.0 |
0.000130 |
0.23 |
0.0999 |
6.00 |
|
Methionine + Cystine, % |
0.0115 |
23.0 |
0.000270 |
0.46 |
0.0013 |
8.00 |
|
1 Enzyme A, B and C were added at 0.017, 0.06 and 0.05 of the diet, respectively. |
||||||
All of birds were weighed at 10, 28, and 42 days of age and feed intake measured for each pen in these periods. Then feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated from these data by period and globally. Birds that died during the experiment were weighed. Feed wastage and mortality recorded and used to correct the performance criteria accordingly.
On 43 d, two birds per pen were wing-banded, slaughtered and eviscerated in order to determine carcass weight and carcass yield as well as thigh, breast (including skin and bone), liver (without gallbladder), gizzard and abdominal fat weights as a percentage of live weight. At day 23 and 42, to determine gastrointestinal parameters content of intestine were removed. Then, empty weights and lengths of the duodenum (pancreatic loop), jejunum (from the pancreatic loop to Meckel’s diverticulum) and the ileum (from Meckel’s diverticulum to the ileocecal junction) were measured.
Water intake of chicks and feed consumption were recorded at 5, 15, 25, 33 and 40 days of age in a 24 h interval. Then water to feed ratio (W: F) was calculated from these data by days 5, 15, 25, 33, and 40 days of age. The percentage of litter moisture was measured by sampling from four point of each pen 42 d of age.
0n 23d, in order to measuring jejunal viscosity and pH, 2 birds per pen with body weights near the mean of each pen were selected and euthanized (by carbon dioxide). The jejunum (defined as the region from the pancreas to Meckel’s diverticulum) was dissected aseptically, and the digesta contents were collected and pooled by replicate as described by Lazaro et al. (2004). The digesta was homogenized, and two Eppendorf tubes were filled (1.5 g of sample) and centrifuged (12,500 × g, 3 min). The viscosity (in centipoises, cPs) of a 0.5-ml aliquot obtained from the supernatant solution was determined at 23 d of age with a digital viscosimeter (ModelDV-III, Brookfield Engineering Laboratories Inc., Stoughton, MA) at 25°C. Each sample was read four times and the average value was used for the statistical analysis. The pH values of the jejunal digesta were directly measured in situ using the glass electrode of a portable pH meter.
All data were analyzed as a randomized complete design using the general linear models procedure of SAS procedure of SAS (2002) and Duncan’s multiple range test was used to compare treatments (P< 0.05).
Mortality was low (<3%) and was not related to dietary treatment. The growth performance parameters data at all periods are presented at Table 6. From 0 to 10 days, birds fed enzymes B and C had more feed intake (FI) than other treatments (P<0.05). Whereas, only birds fed diet containing enzyme C demonstrated significant feed intake from 11 to 28 days (P<0.05). Supplementation diet with enzyme resulted a significant increase in FI at finisher (P<0.05) and overall from 0 to 42 and the highest intake was for birds fed enzyme C. Adding enzyme B and C led to more ADG and less FCR than other treatments at starter period (P<0.05). Also, there was significant improve in ADG and FCR of birds at grower, finisher and overall period when enzyme added to basal diet except FCR for birds that received enzyme B at growing period. When diets containing enzyme were compared, all of growth performance parameters for chicks fed diet containing enzymes B and C showed higher than those fed enzyme A at starter period (P<0.05). At grower and from 0 to 42, feed intake and body weight for broilers fed enzyme C was the highest among birds were received enzyme. However, during finisher period, no significant difference has been observed among enzyme in relating to chicken's growth parameters.
| Table 6. Effect of dietary treatments on the performance of broiler chicks at all periods. | |||||||||||||
|
Treatment |
Starter period (0 to 10d) |
Grower period (11 to 28d) |
Finisher period (29 to 42d) |
Over all period (0 to 42) |
Final BW(gr) |
||||||||
|
ADFI |
ADG |
FCR |
ADFI |
ADG |
FCR |
ADFI |
ADG |
FCR |
ADFI |
ADG |
FCR |
||
|
Control |
19.0b |
10.0b |
1.89a |
85.4b |
47.6c |
1.79a |
141b |
69.6b |
2.02a |
84.9c |
44.4c |
1.91a |
1865c |
|
Enzyme A |
18.8b |
10.4b |
1.80b |
85.4b |
52.5b |
1.62b |
150a |
76.6a |
1.96b |
88.4bc |
49.0b |
1.80b |
2059b |
|
Enzyme B |
24.1a |
15.0a |
1.60c |
90.7b |
52.9b |
1.71ab |
148a |
76.3a |
1.93b |
90.4b |
49.9b |
1.80b |
2099b |
|
Enzyme C |
24.2a |
15.0a |
1.61c |
100a |
59.4a |
1.68b |
152 a |
77.2a |
1.96b |
95.2a |
52.8a |
1.80b |
2216a |
|
SEM |
0.29 |
0.25 |
0.02 |
1.87 |
1.14 |
0.03 |
1.44 |
1.17 |
0.02 |
1.20 |
0.618 |
0.014 |
25.9 |
|
a-d Means within a column without common superscripts differ significantly, P<0.05. |
|||||||||||||
Table 7 shows the effect of dietary treatments on Carcass characteristics and gastrointestinal parameters in 23 and 42-d-old chicks. Carcass and pancreas weight was significantly (P<0.05) higher when diet was given with enzyme rather than control diet and the heaviest carcass was belonged to enzyme C (P<0.05). There were no significant difference (P>0.05) in carcass yield, relative weight of the thigh, liver, gizzard among chicks receiving experimental diets. However, relative weight of the breast as proportion of live weight reduced when only enzyme C added to diet. There was not significant reduce in relative weight and length of small intestine and cecum except for jejunum at day 43 for birds fed enzyme C (Table 8 and 9). In addition, abdominal fat significantly (P<0.05) increased by enzymes A and C compared to control diet.
|
Table 7. Effect of dietary treatments on different parts of carcass characteristics of broiler chicks at 42 d |
||||||||
|
Treatment |
Carcass
|
Carcass |
Breast |
Thigh |
Abdominal fat |
Liver |
Gizzaer |
Pancreas |
|
g/100 g of live body weight |
||||||||
|
Control |
1299b |
69.6 |
32.6a |
28.3 |
1.19b |
2.40 |
2.039 |
0.28a |
|
Enzyme A |
1452a |
70.5 |
31.8ab |
28.9 |
1.69a |
2.34 |
1.97 |
0.23b |
|
Enzyme B |
1496a |
71.2 |
32.1ab |
28.6 |
1.31b |
2.19 |
1.95 |
0.24b |
|
Enzyme C |
1527 a |
68.9 |
30.0b |
29.5 |
1.73a |
2.25 |
1.92 |
0.22b |
|
SEM |
14.9 |
0.40 |
0.361 |
0.465 |
0.195 |
0.042 |
0.064 |
0.0105 |
|
a-c Means within a row without common superscripts differ significantly, P<0.05 |
||||||||
|
Table 8. Effect of dietary treatments on relative weight and length of small intestine and cecum of broiler chicks at 23 d. |
||||||||
|
Treatment |
Weight |
Length |
||||||
|
Duodenum |
Jejunum |
Ileum |
Left Cecum |
Duodenum |
Jejunum |
Ileum |
Left Cecum |
|
|
Control |
1.29 |
2.20 |
1.50 |
0.45 |
4.01 |
11.2 |
10.9 |
1.30 |
|
Enzyme A |
1.30 |
2.14 |
1.49 |
0.42 |
3.99 |
10.6 |
10.5 |
1.26 |
|
Enzyme B |
1.29 |
2.06 |
1.47 |
0.35 |
3.96 |
10.6 |
10.5 |
1.23 |
|
Enzyme C |
1.11 |
2.14 |
1.43 |
0.38 |
3.88 |
10.1 |
10.2 |
1.19 |
|
SEM |
0.029 |
0.043 |
0.019 |
0.019 |
0.066 |
0.248 |
0.209 |
0.021 |
|
a-c Means within a row without common superscripts differ significantly, P<0.05. |
||||||||
|
Table 9. Effect of dietary treatments on relative weight and length of small intestine and cecum of broiler chicks at 42 d. |
||||||||
|
Treatment |
Weight |
Length |
||||||
|
Duodenum |
Jejunum |
Ileum |
Left Cecum |
Duodenum |
Jejunum |
Ileum |
Left Cecum |
|
|
Control |
0.59 |
1.48a |
1.09 |
0.32 |
1.49ab |
4.15a |
3.89ab |
1.30 |
|
Enzyme A |
0.56 |
1.24b |
1.07 |
0.29 |
1.47ab |
3.83b |
3.91ab |
1.26 |
|
Enzyme B |
0.58 |
1.26b |
1.05 |
0.26 |
1.35b |
3.77b |
3.52b |
1.23 |
|
Enzyme C |
0.54 |
1.17b |
1.10 |
0.27 |
1.61a |
3.71b |
3.98a |
1.19 |
|
SEM |
0.0142 |
0.026 |
0.04 |
0.152 |
0.029 |
0.044 |
0.068 |
0.021 |
|
a-c Means within a row without common superscripts differ significantly, P<0.05. |
||||||||
As shown table 10, enzyme indicated no significant effect on pH of jejunal content (P>0.05). Nevertheless, considering matrix value for all NSP enzymes significantly (P<0.05) lowered jejunal Viscosity of birds and there was no difference (P>0.05) among enzymes.
Data of the effects of treatments on water intake and litter moisture of broiler chickens are reported in Table 10. Enzyme addition did not have a significant (P > 0.05) effect on water-feed ratio of the chicks at 25, 33 and 40 d and litter moisture. Nevertheless, there was significant decrease in water-feed ratio diet at 5 and 15 d and litter moisture at day 42of birds when enzyme added to control diet.
|
Table 10. Effect of treatments on water intake, intestinal viscosity, and litter moisture. |
|||||
| Item |
Control |
Enzyme A |
Enzyme B |
Enzyme C |
SEM |
|
Water to feed ratio, ml/g |
|||||
| 5d |
3.07a |
2.79ab |
2.34b |
2.27b |
0.010 |
| 15d |
2.87a |
2.42ab |
2.09b |
1.98b |
0.089 |
| 25d |
2.53 |
2.29 |
2.20 |
2.17 |
0.076 |
| 33d |
2.37 |
2.04 |
2.05 |
1.95 |
0.084 |
| 40d |
2.38 |
2.27 |
2.50 |
2.33 |
0.079 |
| Viscosity (cps), day 23 |
2.12a |
1.82b |
1.78b |
1.72b |
0.053 |
| pH, day 23 |
6.28 |
6.10 |
6.17 |
6.11 |
0.099 |
| litter moisture(%), day 42 |
21.9a |
16.6b |
15.9b |
15.5b |
0.812 |
|
a-c Means within a row without common superscripts differ significantly, P<0.05. |
|||||
Enzyme supplementation led to an increase in feed consumption, as reported by Garcia et al. (2008). There are many of study that clearly showed the NSPs (i.e., β-glucan and arabinoxylan) of barley and some variety of wheat is responsible for high intestinal viscosity of poultry (Rodríguez et al 2012; Kalmendal and Tauson 2012). This condition would decrease passage rate of intestinal contents and alter the transport of the nutrients at the mucosal surface (Ribeiro et al 2012). NSP-degrading enzyme can alleviate the negative effects of high viscosity via breaking glycosidic bonds that found in wheat and barley, thus, increase growth rate and feed consumption of poultry. Data of ADG and FCR of birds are consistent with published reports (Senkoylu et al 2004; Moftakharzadeh et al 2017). The improvement that occurred may result from improvement in the use of metabolizable energy and digestibility of fat, protein and carbohydrates. The proposed mechanism in the literature, which is based on the physical barrier of endosperm cell wall and nutrient encapsulation (Kiarie et al 2013), it has been suggested that the addition of enzymes caused a breakdown of the NSPs particularly β-glucans and pentosans surrounding the starch molecules (Ravn et al 2016). This led to an increase in the availability of carbohydrates and other nutrients in wheat and barley, consequently increasing its nutritive value (Ravn et al 2016; Moharrery et al, 2006)
Similar to our results, Shirzadi et al. (2009) reported heavier (P<0.05) carcass and abdominal fat in birds were received enzyme but carcass yield and leg weight had not changed. However, the breast of broilers fed only enzyme C was heavier (P < 0.05) than those fed other diets which is in agreement with Shirzadi et al. (2009). It seems according to viscosity results (Table 10), enzyme C had more impact on it and this condition led to more reduction in deconjugation of bile salts via reducing microflora, particularly Streptococcus faecium and Clostridium perfringens (Knarreborg et al 2002). As a result, absorption of lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins lipid increased by brush border in small intestine. Finally, increase in vitamin involved in bone metabolism including vitamin D, A and K result in an increase of broiler’s bone mineral density and weights of the head, neck and back can be increased in comparison with weight of breast. Hence, this ordinance redounded to decrease of breast weight as proportion to live weight. Increased abdominal fat weight in present study could be related to improvement in nutrient availability and potential energy of diet that occurred when enzyme added to diet. This condition may result in conversion extra energy to abdominal fat.
There was downward trend in weight of gastrointestinal organ and length of gut when bird fed enzyme at day 23 and 42. But, only weight and length of jejunum were significantly reduced with enzyme usage only at day 42. Shakouri et al. (2009) reported that accumulation of undigested feed in the intestine could cause an increase in size of gastrointestinal tract and organs as a response to intestinal motility and digestive excretions. But, in this study only jejunum weight and length affect by enzyme. The explanation for this effect of glucanase and xylanase is not clear, but it proposed since jejunum is the most important segment of small intestine for digestion and absorption of nutrients in broiler, this impact was significant. The increase in pancreas weight for birds fed wheat and barley could be related to an increase in endogenous enzyme activities and secretion volume required to digest NSP-containing cereals, as reported earlier by Sieo et al. (2005).
Other researchers that used wheat or barley as a main cereal have previously reported increasing intestinal viscosity. Rodríguez et al. (2012) observed an increase in digesta viscosity of broiler chickens when wheat and barley were used as main cereal. Also Saki and Alipana. (2005) reported a significant increase in viscosity of gut for chicks fed diets containing different levels of wheat compared to control diet. The reduction in viscosity in birds given enzyme paralleled the improvement in weight gain and feed efficiency. These results are in agreement with other reports (Moftakharzadeh et al 2017). Kiarie et al. (2014) reported similar decrease in intestinal viscosity when xylanase was added to wheat and corn based diets. In addition, similar effects have been reported with wheat (Mazhari et al 2007). Viscosity caused by NSP soluble components of barley and wheat., The breakdown of NSP into smaller polymers prevents them from forming viscous networks (Malathi and Devegowda, 2001)., Viscosity is highly dependent on several factors, including the size of the molecule, whether it is branched or linear (Bedford et al 1991), and the concentration present. Enzyme addition reduced the size of this structure and, thus, reduced viscosity (Ravn et al 2016). Data of jejunal pH is in agreement with Hadorn and Wiedmer. (2001).
At days 5 and 15 enzyme supplementation drastically reduced water-feed ratio of broilers, which is in agreement with Garcia et al. (2008) and Moftakharzadeh et al. (2017). Vukic-vrajes and Wenk. (1995) reported that enzyme supplementation reduced water intake at early age in chicks fed barley. It has been reported that soluble-NSP content of cereals bind with water in the intestines, resulting in the formation of gels, which increases the viscosity of the intestinal contents (Svihus et al 2005). The improvement in water intake at early days suggests that young birds are particularly sensitive to both soluble and insoluble NSP and could benefit from supplemental NSP-enzymes and reduce amount of water that are needed for birds.
The authors express their gratitude to University of Tehran for providing the equipment and facilities to perform this trial.
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Received 11 July 2017; Accepted 15 December 2017; Published 1 February 2018